Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example It has posed tough competition for its competitors for each of its functions starting from procurement to the delivery of products. As of September 30, 2006, the Company had 1,123 Wal-Mart stores, 2,142 Super centers, 570 SAM’S CLUBS and 109 Neighborhood Markets in the United States. Internationally, the Company operated units in Argentina (12), Brazil (296), Canada (279), China (66), Costa Rica (133), Germany (85), Guatemala (125), Honduras (38), Japan (391), Mexico (845), Nicaragua (36), Puerto Rico (54), El Salvador (59) and the United Kingdom (326).1 Company targets volume. The target consumers are middle class and upper middle class customers. These customers do shopping for their monthly grocery requirements. The target markets are identified on the basis of volume and population in a particular area. Apart from that various other macro and micro environmental factors are considered before entering to the new market. Company ensures the availability of products in the store through proper inventory management, logistics management and distribution management. It offers range of products from eatables, clothing, grocery and other household products. Company has 1,123 Wal-Mart stores, 2,142 Super centers, 570 SAM’S CLUBS and 109 Neighborhood Markets in the United States. Customer can visit any of these stores according to their needs and location. Wal-Mart adopts various promotional strategies to communicate with its customers and stakeholders. The promotional strategies can be on local level, national or international level. The promotional channels utilized here can be print, electronic or combination of number of channels. It has an excellent virtual platform with attractive website which offers another channel of communication and marketing. Retailing industry is highly competitive industry because competition comes in various formats. The traditional setups like

Ethics in Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics in Law Enforcement - Essay Example Corruption is a term that springs easily to mind when one thinks of how law enforcement is usually applied. Popular culture is full of references to corrupt policemen and lawyers, especially in terms of how the police are often represented in movies and television shows, and also in terms of the numerous articles on police abuse that may be found in newspapers and other periodical. Especially after the events of September 11, 2001, and the racist attacks on Muslims and other Asian minorities in America came into the news, there has been a lot of negative publicity for the way in which minorities are apparently abused by many law-enforcement agencies. All these examples represent myths about law enforcement that are often belied by statistics. However, there is also some basis in reality for such opinions. In addition, corruption undermines respect for the rule of law and for the democratic process that are the very core of our system of government. Controlling this evil successfully is a constant challenge for any government. Yet any government that does not devote itself to this effort is in danger of sowing the seeds of its own destruction. (p. xi) The authors suggest, therefore, that instead of identifying the law enforcement system with corruption, there is the need to recognize that even the law is trying to fight corruption within itself. Corrupt practices are not an inherent or integral part of the law enforcement system. Rather, it is something that has crept into the system and must be weeded out. The corruption of law enforcement agencies is illustrated by the two interviews that were conducted as part of this study. The first will be discussed in the context of corruption. This instance is related to an interview with a twenty-seven-year-old white American woman who was a victim of hazing during her freshman year at a university in the U.S. Cindy (not her real name) recollects that she and her friends were wary of the senior students, because the college had a history of a couple of violent episodes of hazing. Apparently, the school authorities had done nothing about it. Cindy describes the night when she and her friends were abused by a large group of older students. They were forced to drink alcohol, and some of the senior students even urinated into their glasses and forced their victims to drink from them. They were also made to perform demanding exercises such as push-ups for almost three hours, and compelled to run around the campus a number of times. They were also verbally abused, many of the insults being gender- or race-based. Shortly after the incident, Cindy and a friend went to the neighborhood police precinct to lodge a complaint about what had been done to them. "I couldn't believe it," Cindy says. "None of the cops were ready to listen to us. Two who did pumped us for the 'juicy' details and then burst out laughing." Cindy's experience reveals that public faith in law enforcement authorities has diminished based on their reputation for treating victims badly. Although this was an isolated incident, there have been many reported instances of police cover-ups in similar cases, even in instances where students were killed or seriously injured as a result of hazing. Another instance in which law enforcement a

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan

Vehicle Fleet Management Plan 1.0 VEHICLE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES 1.01 Policy: In order to reduce the cost and risk of operating and managing a motor vehicle fleet, Citibank Trinidad and Tobago Ltd will establish a comprehensive group of procedures governing the control, utilization, and maintenance of Business owned vehicles. 1.02 Scope: These policy and procedures specify the requirements for utilization, operation, and maintenance of all Citibank controlled motor vehicles. This includes vehicles owned or leased by the Business, rental vehicles, and personally owned vehicles used on Citibank business. 2.0 VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.01 Administrative Responsibility: In accordance with this policy, Citibank has delegated the administration of the motor vehicle fleet to the Building Superintendents. The Building Superintendent has the administrative responsibility of requesting the purchase, replacement, maintenance, control, and assignment of all Citibank vehicles. The Building Superintendents will act as the point of contact with the GSU Department and will be responsible for observing and enforcing the fleet management policies and procedures at Citibank. 2.02 Staff /Vendor Responsibility: All employees/couriers who utilize Citibank owned vehicles, vehicles rented/leased to Citibank or who use their personal vehicles on Official Citibank business and are reimbursed for mileage shall adhere to the Vehicle Fleet Management Policy and Procedures as written. 3.0 DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this policy, the following definitions shall apply. 3.01 Employee: Anyone appointed to work for Citibank/Marketspace in a manner that causes their name to appear on the payroll as a full or part time employee; and they are routinely scheduled to work more than thirty (30) hours a week. 3.02 Course and Scope of Employment: An employee is within the course and scope of employment when he or she is engaged in activities that are related to the mission of Citibank and are in the furtherance of its affairs or business, whether on the Citibanks premises or elsewhere. 3.03 Activities: Citibank related activities are those activities that are consistent with Citibanks mission and that are approved by the appropriate administrative department. 3.04 Motor Vehicle: A motor vehicle is defined as a vehicle that is licensed and legal to operate on the roadways. This includes Citibank fleet vehicles and any vehicles rented or leased by the business for Citibank related activities. 3.05 Highway: The entire width between property lines of any road, street, way, thoroughfare, or bridge in this country not privately owned or controlled, when any part thereof is open to the public for vehicular traffic, and over which the State has legislative jurisdiction and police power. 3.06Vehicle Inspection Form: A form that is used by the Fleet Managers designee to evaluate and record the condition of each vehicle on a routine basis 3.07 Operate: To be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon any highway. 3.08 Minor motor vehicle accident: Repair cost- TTD$0.00 $6,000.00 3.09 Major motor vehicle accident: Repair cost TTD$6,000.01 and above. 3.10 The Vendor/Courier: Marketspace Limited Courier Services contracted by the bank 4.0 TRAVEL USING CITIBANK OWNED VEHICLES 4.01 Appropriate Use: Vehicles should be used only by persons who are acting within the course and scope of Citi related activities or employment. 4.02 Eligible Drivers: In addition to meeting all other criteria in this policy, only those persons whose names appear on Marketspaces designee sheet and are regularly scheduled to work more that Thirty (30) hours a week or any Citi Employee given such authorization should be asked or allowed to use Citibank owned motor vehicles. 4.03 Secondary Drivers: Trips of long duration may require a secondary driver to assist the designated driver. A secondary driver must have their travel appropriately authorized prior departing the premises. 4.04 Passengers: A. Family members: Unless a family member is also an employee or participation of such a person is approved as part of a sanctioned event of this institution; each Marketspace/Citibank Employee who operates a Citibank-owned vehicle should be made aware that there is no liability coverage for members of any employee drivers immediate family who are passengers in Citibank-owned vehicles. B. Hitchhikers: Hitchhikers are not allowed to ride in any fleet vehicle. 5.0 TRAVEL USING PERSONAL VEHICLES 5.01 Notice of Potential for Personal Liability: Citibank recognizes that employees occasionally use personal vehicles while engaged in Citibank-related activities. Because personal automobile insurance will be looked to first in the event of an accident, all persons who use their vehicles while conducting Citibank business should be made aware of the possibility of personal liability related to such use. The Bank does provide limited secondary liability coverage for damages arising from use of a personal vehicle; however, members of the drivers family and other employee are excluded from coverage under that policy. 5.02 Reimbursement for Costs of Using Personal Vehicles: Mileage costs related to any significant use of personal vehicles to conduct Citibank-related business may be reimbursed to employees upon approval of department head. 5.03 Use of Personal Vehicles Not Required: No individual shall be mandated to use his or her vehicle to perform Citibank-related activities. 6.0 TRAVEL USING RENTAL VEHICLES 6.01 Travel Authorization: Rentals are only for employees whose travel is â€Å"authorized† by Citi. Authorization requires written approval from the head of the traveling employees department and the CCO/SCOO. 6.03 Use of Travel Agent: Rentals under the Bank-negotiated contracts or using local funds should be arranged through an Approved Vendor 7.0 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 7.01 Driver Requirements: All Marketspace/Citibank employees who may be called upon to drive a Citibank vehicle shall have a Valid Drivers Permit as required by law. The records will be obtained and maintained by the GSU Department assisted by the Building Superintendents. An acceptable rating to for any person to operate a Citibank vehicle shall be no more then three (3) minor motor vehicle accidents (not at fault) or one minor at-fault motor vehicle accident per year. Any more than one (1) major at-fault motor vehicle accident every Two (2) years would result in the Driver being suspended if it is a Marketspace employee or all motor vehicle access privileges revoked if a Citi Employee. An employee with a rating of more than the specified amount must attend a defensive driver training class and would also stand the cost of any repairs to any further motor vehicle accidents. It would be the responsibility of the Marketspace/Citibank employee to schedule required remedial training on his or her own time and bear the cost of this training. ` Other violations Type A Violations Driving while intoxicated (alcohol or drugs). Homicide arising out of the use of a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle during a period of suspension or revocation of an operators license. Using a motor vehicle for the commission of a felony. Aggravated assault with a motor vehicle. Operating a motor vehicle without the owners permission (stolen vehicle). Permitting an un-licensed person to drive. Reckless driving. Hit and run involving bodily injury and/or physical damage. Type B Violations All moving violations not listed as Type A violations. 7.02 MVR Review Schedule: A motor vehicle record (MVR) shall be obtained on all employees whose job duties would include driving a Citibank owned, rented, or personal vehicle while on Citibank business. The MVR shall be reviewed and updated regularly based on the following schedule: Prior to employment: The Human Resources Department will ensure that prospective employees requiring an MVR submit copies of drivers license and if applicable copies of all defensive driving records. All copies of the records would be sent to the GSU Department for maintenance. For all Marketspace employees, GSU would maintain all records and files with the assistance of the Building Superintendent. Annually: The driving records of all Marketspace/Citi employees who are required to drive will be reviewed annually by the GSU Department. The employees department head and the Building Superintendents will be notified of any change in the drivers status. Upon notification of an accident or citation: If a Citibank/Marketspace employee has been involved in a motor vehicle accident or receives a traffic citation while operating a Citibank Vehicle, it is the employees responsibility to notify the GSU Department and their supervisor/manager of the change in their driver status. Failure to make such notification in a timely manner could result in a revocation of driving privileges, and /or disciplinary action. Upon notification of suspension, revocation or expiration of the operators license: Driving privileges are automatically suspended when a Marketspace or Citibank employee valid drivers license has been suspended, revoked, or expired. It is mandatory that the employee inform their supervisor/ manager when such a suspension, revocation, or expiration occurs. Individuals who do not have a valid drivers license are forbidden from operating any Bank-owned or rented vehicles. They are also banned from driving personal vehicles on Citibank business while collecting for mileage. 7.03 MVR Administrative Responsibility: The Building Superintendents shall maintain a list of all regular drivers. Information gathered as part of this program shall be confidential. Assignment of additional driver training will be the responsibility of the GSU Head. A courier may be required to bear the expense and time of any remedial training assigned due to a poor rating. Driver training can include, but is not limited, to: Defensive driving classes One-day seminars on driving improvement Driver training videos on needed specific driving skills. 8.0 VEHICLE OPERATIONS 8.01 Vehicle Reservations: A vehicle may be requested by completing a Vehicle Request Form (including authorizing signature) or by having the authorizing agent E-Mail a request. A separate form is required for each vehicle or trip requested. The request for vehicle reservations should be made at least forty eight (48) hours in advance if possible. Vehicles are generally available on a first come, first serve basis but should a conflict arise the Administration will determine vehicle availability and make the assignment. 8.02 Vehicle Pick-up/Drop-off: A reserved vehicle may be picked up or dropped off by the authorized driver at the Banks basement car park under the supervision of security. 8.03 Citibank Fleet Management Obligations: Citibank will provide vehicles that are in safe and good driving condition. Building Superintendent will be responsible monitoring the care and maintenance of vehicles; keeping up with items such as inspections, manufacture recalls and general preventive maintenance of the vehicles. The Building Superintendent will provide the GSU Department with all required information on the maintenance and utilization of the fleet. It will also be the responsibility of the Building Superintendent to assure that the vehicles to be used by people having reservations are clean and have been serviced appropriately for their trip. The Building Superintendent in conjunction with the GSU Department will use information gathered from the fleet management program to determine appropriate repair and replacement schedules for the Banks vehicles. 8.04 Driver Obligations: The following conditions apply to all drivers who use Citibank vehicles. Drivers should read these obligations carefully before operating a Citibank vehicle. Caution: The driver of the vehicle has ultimate responsibility for seeking and possessing information about driving safety and applicable laws. Citibank will not be responsible for any traffic citations resulting from the actions of the driver. The driver must: Have a valid Trinidad Tobago drivers license, appropriate for the weight and class vehicle that they are operating. Have a current courier/vehicle operator file with the GSU Dept. Notify their supervisor and GSU Department of any change in his or her license status. This includes notification of moving violations and/or traffic accidents. Complete a Vehicle Use Report and maintain a detailed record of expenses such as fueling or emergency mechanical work. Wear seat belts when driving or occupying a Citibank vehicle. Assume responsibility for any and all fines or traffic violations associated with your use of a Citibank vehicle. Never drive while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This includes â€Å"over the counter† or prescription medication that may effect the drivers ability. Never transport passengers such as hitchhikers, family members, or friends for unauthorized use. Turn the vehicle ignition off, remove the keys, and lock the vehicle when you leave it unattended. Never drive the vehicle at speeds that are inappropriate for the road conditions. Report all accidents to the Building Superintendent and to the police department in the jurisdiction where the accident occurred. Not allow smoking in the vehicle. Not eat, drink, or operate any equipment that may distract or interfere with the safe operation of the vehicle. Not use radar/laser detection devices or wear headphones/earphones while operating the vehicle. Exercise caution when using cellular phones. Refer to Section 8.05 below. Observe traffic laws at all times. Drive courteously and defensively. Return the vehicle free of litter, noting any problems with the vehicle on the Vehicle Use Report. 8.05 Cell Phone Use: As a general rule, the use of Business-owned and personal cellular phones while operating a moving vehicle has restrictions/guidelines for use due to the distraction and lack of concentration presented to safe driving performance. As a driver, your first responsibility is to pay attention to the road. Conversations should be kept to an absolute minimum. Do not read, look up an address, lookup phone numbers, or attempt to write or take notes while driving. Place your cellular phone in your vehicle where it is easily accessible without removing your eyes from the road. When possible, plan your calls before you begin your trip, or call when your vehicle is stopped at a stop sign or red light. Attempt to dial and place all calls when you are not moving or have a passenger use the phone. Learn and use the pre-programmed number dial features of your phone. Practice using this feature for commonly dialed numbers before driving so you are familiar with the procedures. If you absolutely need to dial while driving, assess the traffic and dial only a few numbers at a time. If your phone rings when you are driving especially during hazardous road and/or heavy traffic conditions let your cellular voice mail service take the call and listen to the message later when you are parked, or pull over before answering, if traffic conditions permit. Let the person you are speaking to know you are driving and that the call may need to be suspended at any time. Suspend conversations during hazardous driving conditions or situations. Do not engage in stressful or emotional conversations while driving. A stressful or emotional phone conversation while driving is distracting and potentially dangerous. If necessary, suspend the phone conversation. Use your cellular phone to call for help or to help others in emergencies. However, do not place yourself or others in danger while doing so. If you see an auto accident, crime in progress, or other serious emergency where lives are in danger, call the relevant emergency service/s and give the exact location and information to them, 8.06 Reporting of Accidents or Damage: The driver is responsible for the immediate reporting of any accidents or damage incurred while operating a Citibank vehicle. An incident should be first reported to the nearest police station having jurisdiction. Notify the GSU Department and the supervisor as soon as practicable after any accident or incident resulting in injury or damage to the vehicle. When you have an accident, you must: Get immediate medical attention if you or your passengers are injured. Keep calm and avoid arguments over blame. Make no statements concerning guilt or fault. Never agree to make payments for the accident. Notify the police; a police report may be necessary for some insurance claims. Discuss the accident only with police officers, the Banks insurance claims adjuster, or a GSU officer. Record as much information as you can on all other parties to the accident. This information may include names of individuals involved, drivers license number, addresses, vehicle make, model and year, witness names and telephone numbers. Dont forget to get the name of the city in which the accident occurred and the name of the investigating officer. Fill out a Vehicle Accident Report and forward it to the GSU Officer as soon as possible. Use the insurance carrier provided form in your vehicle to record information concerning the accident. This form has information about our carrier, tips on gathering information at the accident scene and a space for writing down the important information. 9.0 FLEET SIZE AND MAINTENANCE 9.01 Vehicle Disposal: Once the decision to dispose of the vehicle has been made, the vehicle should be sold as soon as practical. The longer it sits the more it will depreciate. 9.02 Vehicle Replacement Schedule: Consideration should be given to age of the vehicle, mileage, and the cost of maintenance. 9.03 Vehicle Acquisition: In order to make best use of the vehicles in the fleet and minimize overall fleet cost, the purchase of a new vehicle should be made only after careful consideration. Some of the factors involved in the decision to purchase should be as follows: Is this a replacement of an existing vehicle? If so, could repairs be made that would be more economical than a purchase? Could a utility vehicle be used in lieu of a motor vehicle? Is the purchase related to a documented need resulting from program growth? Is the vehicle essential to the mission of Citibank? Can the need be documented? 9.04 New Vehicle Delivery: All new vehicles will be inspected by the Fleet Manager or his designee upon delivery. Particular attention will be paid to any damage that might have occurred during shipment. All warranty papers and owner/operator documents will be listed and reviewed prior to accepting delivery. GSU will be notified and provided with all of the required information concerning the addition, as soon as possible, after the Bank accepts a new vehicle into the fleet. The new vehicle will be added to the preventive maintenance schedule for the care of the vehicle. 9.05 Titles and Registration: All original vehicle titles and registration receipts will be acquired and maintained by the GSU Designee. 9.06 Warrantees, Recalls and Inspections: The Fleet Manager or his designee shall be responsible for the review and appropriate response to all factory recall issues. All warranty information and inspection dates will be entered in the Maintenance Schedule reminders will be created to remind the staff of upcoming inspections or service requirements. Also inspections would be done by the Building Superintendents using the Weekly Vehicle Checklist and daily by Marketspace couriers using the daily checklist. 9.07 Preventive Maintenance: Each vehicle in the fleet shall have a Preventive Maintenance (PM) plan for regularly scheduled maintenance. This plan shall be based on manufacturer recommendations for the vehicle model, type of use the vehicle typically encounters and Citibanks previous experience in maintaining similar vehicles. Items such as tires, brakes, lubrication / fluids and spark plugs should be placed on a regular maintenance interval. The Building Superintendent will review the PM program annually to determine if the task and frequencies are adequate and if the results indicate the PM program is helpful in maintaining the vehicles and reducing operating cost. 9.08 Fuel Selection: All of the vehicles in the Citibank fleet are designed to operate on â€Å"premium unleaded gasoline†. Unless labeled otherwise, only premium unleaded gasoline should be used when fueling. 9.09 Fuel and Service Credit Cards: Citibank provides commercial fleet fueling at Richmond Street Center, to authorized drivers on an as need basis. It is not permissible for Citibank fueling to be used for any service other than those associated with the operation of Citi owned vehicles on Citibank business.

Are Group Rights Justified? :: essays research papers fc

Are differentiating measures justified in the name of a group right or interest or should they be condemned as violating the rights of individuals to equal treatment? It has been argued that differentiating measures that grant rights exclusively to groups are unjust as they trespass on the individual’s fundamental right to equal treatment. This essay seeks to prove that when applied in a fair manner group rights can enhance the equality of treatment received by the individual. The notion that equal treatment is of vital importance and that discrimination is immoral is widespread. The interpretation of â€Å"equal treatment† and â€Å"discrimination† however, is not . For some, equal treatment implies that each individual will be treated in the exact manner all other individuals are treated. There should be no distinction made between race, sex, religion or language in order to allow individuals receive preferential treatment because of their membership of a certain group. Others argue that if each person is given exactly the same rights regardless of race, sex, religion or language then members of minorities are put at a disadvantage and equal treatment is impossible. In order to justify the entitlement of certain groups to exclusive rights it is important to define what the exclusive rights are. According to Baker these rights can be divided into two groups, those pertaining to intra-groups relations and those pertaining to inter group rights. The first type of rights involves relationships between group members and may lead to individual oppression. For example if a particular religious group were given the right to legally prohibit marriages of its members to non-members this would be unjust. Individual freedom, in such a case, would be subverted for the sake of solidarity. Intra groups rights can be very treacherous to individual rights especially in theocratic and patriarchal cultures where there is a huge danger that women will be oppressed . Having established that intra-groups are potentially subversive and therefore undesirables the remainder of this essay will deal with inter group rights. Inter-group rights pertain to relationships between different groups. Inter-groups rights can, therefore, only exist in a pluralist state. Such preferential treatment seeks to protect a minority group against the larger society. The belief is that these rights will rule out the unfair advantage members of the majority group may have over members of the minority and will prevent marginilisation and segregation of the minority . These special rights can take various forms.

Price Floors and Price Ceilings

Kristen Fowler Economics April 16, 2012 n   Price Controls: How efficient are  price ceilings and price floors? If you think one is better than the other, make sure to bring up examples from our economy to validate your stand. Price ceilings and price floors are essential aspects of our economy. Price ceilings are government enacted laws preventing suppliers from establishing prices of key resources higher than a certain price, which is set by the government. Price floors are price minimums that can be charged for a good or service.These price controls are put in place in order to maintain an affordable lifestyle and protect consumers from suffering form unfair inflation. However, when not executed properly, price controls can become ineffective. Price ceilings are enacted in order to benefit consumers. Price ceilings prevent businesses from charging unfair prices. For example, if only one seller has access to a certain product that is a necessity to consumers, without a price ce iling they have the ability to charge an outrageous price. Price ceilings also assist in keeping the cost of living reasonable in the case of high inflation.If prices rise faster than incomes do, people will be unable to maintain a comfortable standard of living. However, when enacted out improperly price ceilings can have a negative outcome. It is important that price ceilings are set above the market price. If a price ceiling is set below the market price, it will result in a shortage. An example of misuse of price ceilings is when a price ceiling is established on a product in which the price is thought to be too high; however a more efficient means of solving this problem would be to increase production.An ineffective price ceiling is one that is set above the market equilibrium price. The product is already selling for much lower than the price ceiling, so unless the price greatly increases, the price ceiling serves no vital purpose. Price floors are a government imposed limit of how low a price can be for a good or service. I do not believe that there should be a price floor set on products or services, and that the law of supply and demand should determine the pricing of products. However, a necessary price floor our government has in place is minimum wage.Minimum wage is essential because if employers were able to pay employees as little as they want, workers may not be able to afford the cost of living. Although minimum wage is beneficial to the people, it is also beneficial to the government as well. By setting a minimum wage, the need for public assistance decreases. Setting a minimum wage also encourages consumption. If people just have enough money to pay for their basic needs, they will not have money to spend and put back into the economy.The effectiveness of price floors greatly depends on where it is set in respect to the market equilibrium price. If the price floor is set underneath the market equilibrium price, it has no effect since the con sumer is already paying a higher price. This price floor will not be effective unless the market price decreases. A price floor will make a direct impact on the market if it is set above the market equilibrium price. By setting a higher price floor, you are ensuring that more products can be made, however there are negative results as well.Consumers will recognize that they are now paying a higher price for the same product, which may lead to less consumption, directly leading to a surplus. This idea holds true in the example of minimum wage as well. If the minimum wage rate is set too high, more unskilled workers will enter the labor force, and less employers will be willing to pay this rate leading to less hiring. Therefore setting the minimum wage rate too high will directly lead to increased unemployment. http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-price-ceiling-25210. html

Realism vs. Romanticism

Realism and romanticism have been writing styles that have been going on for centuries. Realism sprouted from romanticism around the late 1800s when people grew tired relating to the romanticisms â€Å"fairy tale† nature. People wanted a fake character going through many things they did on a daily basis. Edna and Hester represent each of these. Hester represents romanticism while Edna represents realism. Both of the characters are women in later times that go through the hardships close to their era. The Scarlet Letter is a romanticism novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hester is a young lady in the seventeenth century that is constantly surrounded by her sin of adultery. Throughout the novel, Hester becomes more of her own person as she cares for her daughter Pearl on the edge of the woods. The format of the novel is written in a romanticists way; formal and fitting for the setting. The writer also expresses splashes of color in the story to retain a positive outlook or effect as the novel goes on. Symbols in the novel are naturalistic, such as roses; the symbol of hope for change. Pearl is also a symbol; a symbol of transgression and Hester’s reason for living. The setting of the novel is slightly depressing, but grows into this mystical-like town as the novel goes on. Hester redeems herself for her sin, the letter â€Å"A† in her bosom’s meaning turns into â€Å"Able†. The story reveals more secret, though each one brings Hester closer and closer to closure on her sin. There is an antagonist as there usually always is for romanticism novel, though it is usually never the actual main character that is the true antagonist. Chillingworth bogs down on Dimmesdale, mentally tearing Dimmesdale apart to find out the father until helped by Hester. The Awakening is written by Kate Chopin. In the novel Edna is realistically trapped in her own world of self doubt and sense of unknowing. The novel is written in a modern setting, though the setting is much different. The explanation of the islands makes them seem bland and unlikeable. There is expressed color in the novel, but seems dulled out by the unhappiness of the ladies that inhabit the islands. There are many symbols, most of them consisting of the ocean; which represents freedom. Another, the parrot; is said to represent Edna; trapped. Edna is represented going through many ordinary circumstances of her time, being stressed with the concern to be the perfect house wife. Her life spirals downwards as she loses herself and eventually leaves her children in care of her mother. She is given time after time to redeem herself but only degrades herself by giving in to her own selfish human characteristics. Edna herself is the antagonist as she fights with her spiritual and physiological being for a better life, but eventually looses. Edna eventually gives up and swims as far out into the ocean, drowning herself; Thus, ending the novel. Both realism and romanticism reflect on life lessons and inspire many readers. This American literature is sure to be passed down from generation to look back and reflect on the possibilities in life. Both genres drastically changed the literature, and art movements.

Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook The WritePass Journal

Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook Reference Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook History of facebookDATAREVENUEWebsiteCriticismImpactconclusionReferenceRelated Introduction Facebook is the social network which is used worldwide. It has been famous among the people within short period of the time. It links people from one place to another through easy access. Like Hotmail, G-mail, Yahoo; they are also the web based email service but face book is fast way to transfer any message and information among the people. More than â€Å"600† million of the people have been using this website which was launch in February 2004. In this website user open their personal profile, add other users as friends and join different page or user group according to their interest. They update their pictures, status according to their mood plus they will get automatic notification when they update their profile. The beginning of the face book was started from student, where they were given service stems from colloquial for the book by university administrations in the United States so they can know each other through this service. This helps students to communicate among the students regarding different subject matter. To have a face book account the user must be 13+. Then only they can have their accounts. Now we can use face book in every gadget where there is an internet access commonly are mobile, iphone etc we can know any information that is happening among our friends, family and the latest news wherever we go. Despite of our busy life this face book has been so popular even a single day without using it people won’t stay. In other word, face book have made our busy life easier by connecting people. History of facebook The founder of the face book is:†Mark Zuckerberg† who was the student of the â€Å"Harvard† and; had stolen the idea and some of the computer source code from his roomate. Before this website was used among only students of Harvard   but was gradually expanded to other university later on. With the support of the students face book was officially launch for school and college level also. On the based on consumersreports.org it is assume that there were 7.5 million of the childern who join face book when it was legal for the childern for 13+. On Janauray 2009 face book was the most popular social networking service within month. When Mr. Zuckerberg launch this site he was charged by administration for copyright and was close for few days later on he expanded this project by creating a study tool. Again after when it was launch he was accused by his friend Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevioss and Divya Narendra by misleading them in a fake dream so he can help them to build a social network called Harvardconnection.com. There were a lot of investigation regarding this so finally he was charged against that. Within first month the student were restricted to use this accounts but the expansion of site was so fast mostly in canada and united state. On 26 september 2006 the face book was for everyone of age 13 with an vaild email id. Now we can see how it’s been among us in our day to day life. Every second we can found people comments and launching new page with new idea. Now it’s the 3rd largest US web company after Google and Amazon. DATA Total active User Date User (in million) Days later Monthly August 26,2008 100 1,665 178.38% April 8,2009 200 225 13.33% Sept 15,2009 300 150 10% February 5,2010 400 142 6.99% July 21, 2010 500 166 4.52% January 5, 2011 600 168 3.57% The above data has   been collected for the internet through the help of the google. It shows   how many user are been increased in a particular date. Like in august 26,2008; 100 millon people were using face book which is really alot. This shows how it was so popular among the student since the beginning of this web site was started from students. We can find the increament of the user around 2009 and 2010 alot and alot so finally around 2011 january 5 the total user of face book were 600 million people and estimation is more for the coming year. REVENUE (estimated in millions US$) Year Revenue Growth 2006 $52 2007 $150 188% 2008 $280 87% 2009 $775 177% 2010 $2000 158% This table shows how the revenue has been increased with the increasing user. Mostly the revenue has come from the advertisement. It serves microsoft as bannner adverstisement and only those company who exist in the microsoft ‘s advertisement inventory. The above bar graph shows the age group who has used face book   so often. It’s shows the clear diagram about how often we are using face book. As per the diagram the age group 18-25 they are using the face book in large amount and the least user are from 55-65. But over all we can see the user of face book is mostly femal user who is using face book so often. Website As we know it is an social networking service where user open their account with particular profile picture information about them,contact information and their interest. User should have their valid email address which is needed when they are login and a password for the privacy so you can only open your accounts. When they open it shows notification, new changes happening in there, message and friends request. Whatever notification user gets like comments, friends request, message and other stuff. User can accept the friend request according to their wish, they can look at their information and can add or ignore them. They can upload their new pictures,share the music video,comments and can join different other groups according to their interest There is notification section over the top where you can see the all notification who comment on your status, pictures. Who tag you in which picture ? everythings which are linked with you. Also you can change your status according to your mood and interest. On the side you can see how many friends you have got and you can even classifiy them into relationship as brother, sister, mother, husband etc.. There is privacy setting also which allows the user to do private setting for the account where he/she can make the setting in a such a way where the another user can not view their profile until and unless they are theirs friends. User can block the person whom they do not like and who are doing something beyond the limitation like abuse so they can report as abuse when they are going to block that person. They can even hide the personal information about them through the help privacy setting. They can even chat with their friends online like Yahoo and Messanger which is shown in the corner of the web page. Its shows how many people is online over that tab with their names of face book. You can even use different name as your wish and desire. The other facilities of this web is we can search for the person which is member of face book but not your friend and send a friend request as well as a message. Its’ true wonderfulness is that it makes every ceremony more rejoicable lik e birthdays, anniversery since whole world participates in wishing you. You can create many album to put the picture. And can tag those picture to your friends and even kept the one as your profile picture. So people can recognize you and can add you in their face book. Some times this website work as medium to transfer the news. Although we don’t have time to watch news but the news feed over the face book page so that you are always updated. Criticism Due to its popularity face book has been the matter for   debate.   Where we can see this website is the mostly use by young generation as the above diagram shows it. Where different activities has been accorded after joining it. Several   countries has been blocked such   in Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh etc because it is judge as anti-Islamic and something about the religious discrimination. Some of the work place has been banned using the face book because the workers are busy using facebook rather than working. Newly arised   debate   about face book is regarding it’s having no privacy since any hackers and phishers and top most thing face book does not hold accounts which is clearly written in contract but user do not bother to read them. Impact Being a face book user there a lot of impact which has been caused in our day to day life. Although it has been use worldwide but it shows a lot of impact in society, economic and media. There are been alot of case which cause as distruction in a family and society. As a example: in nepal we found a case where a married guy take his wife picture and with the help of photoshop he cut done his wife n put it into the another picture where a girl is totally naked. He shared this picture to all of this friend as per result when his wife came to know about it there was a lot of conflicts between them. Another case was found in the capital city of nepal where 19 years boy backmailing a girl age 25 to put her naked picture in facebook although the boy was caught but still we can see this problem in our day to day life. Even in uk we can hear a lot of news regarding sucide because their friends are making their fun in face book which they can not tolerate. Its all because we are using it so frequently in our life and it became as a part of our day to day rota. People are afraid to face any situation although it will be wrong but still will be famous when they are kept in face book and in a few moment all user will become to know about it.Another problem is created by parents it’s self who open there children accounts as we can know we are not allowed to open account until and unless we are 13 but still we can find their accounts of face book. Even we can find hackers who can do whatever with our accounts which are not using offen. As a major problem the youth are been more addict with this,where the most important think is their future but they forget this and become busy with picture, comments, status in face book. Even this is happening with the workers who focus in face book rather than doing some work. But for the company they are using face book in different way for adveristment, where they get benefit and plus the owner of facebook is also getting the benefit. And face book are more often use for sending message and giving news which is really positive point. Before it was used as a medium to transfer the notes to other student but now it has been use as a communicating other stuff. One thing is for sure whatever we post in face book it’s easy to spread them among the friends rather than sending email. conclusion This new technology has change so many things in our life with new mobile, iphone we get chance to use face book and even chat from there. This new technology has change our life so hard even a second it’s hard to manage with out it. Because we are so addict with it even a single day we can’t stay without openning   it. Over all we can make a figure through which we can know the girls are more addict with face book no matter what’s there age. Face book is the 3rd largest company who earns alot of money. It has make life easy by making easy access to comunicate with people. Within short period so time it became so popular among the people but it got advantage and disadvantage also. People who are new with it can not figure it out what it is. But it depends upon the ourselves whither we want to misuse it or use in correct way. Its all about our view althought it is huge matter of discussion but no matter how long it will be going on the user of face book is increasing in every second and minute. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook legalandrew.com/2007/07/21/facebook-and-the-law-8-things-to-know/ google.co.uk/search?q=facebook+founder+picturehl=enprmd=ivnstbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=zeHRTdC_PJGLhQeu49yTCgved=0CB8QsAQbiw=1366bih=667 sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/05/14/BUHP1JFJFN.DTLtype=tech

Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment essays

Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment essays Capital punishment is a subject you can always count on for a lively discussion with plenty of opinions and lots of questions. "Capital Punishment is a term which indicates muddled thinking. The dilemma of kill or be killed, which confronts civilized society daily and inexorably, is bedeviled by the jumble of panic, superstition, and angry resentment we call punishment, expiation, propitiatory blood sacrifice, justice, and many other imposing names. The dilemma is a hard fact which must be faced and organized." (1) In today's world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Many believe that these criminals deserve one fate: death. Capital punishment, the death penalty, is the maximum penalty used in punishing people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. Criminals guilty of murder receive a verdict of capital punishment. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent. First-degree murder is usually premeditated or by deliberate design. In most states, a person convicted of first-degree murder can be sentenced to the death penalty. Debate over the merits of capital punishment continues on a daily basis. Proponents of capital punishment defend it mainly on two grounds: death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. Capital punishment is meant to be a deterrent to crime, specifically murder. Gordon Tullock, of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, states: "Eighty percent of the people who seriously think about crime think of punishment as a deterrent - except for the sociologists, and they wrote all the textbooks." (2) According to statistics, for each execution there are 50 murders averted. This was documented in the U.S. between the years 1967 - 1984. (3) Murders began to rise during the years that capital punishment was not allowed w...

Five Ways to Ace Your Video Interview

Five Ways to Ace Your Video Interview An increase in job candidates willing to relocate for jobs, the high cost of shuttling them back and forth for interviews, and advancements in digital technology have resulted in a perfect storm of opportunity in the job hunting world: the video interview. While video interviews share the same ultimate goal as face-to-face interviews, there are some extra things to think about before getting ready for your close-up. Read on to learn five ways to make the very best impression during your video interview. 1. Set the SceneWhile you may be conducting the interview from your living room sofa, it’s essential to present yourself and your surroundings in the most professional way. Choose a bright, clean location, and be careful in rooms with lots of windows as these can cause backlighting and shadows.Eliminate clutter and annoying background noises, silence your phone, and close all irrelevant windows on your computer. Distractions not only disrupt your attention, but also the attenti on of your interviewer.Also, make sure you have access to a power source and charger: video is quick to drain computer batteries, and running out during an interview shows poor planning.2. Dress All Parts For the PartMany people assume that because interviewers only see them from the waist up, it’s acceptable to wear comfy clothing on the bottom along with your professional top. However, skip the inclination to dress down, and instead dress to impress with a top-to-bottom look. Not only will you feel more professional, but on the off chance you have to get up to retrieve a file or document, you won’t risk exposing your ratty old sweatpants.3. Do a â€Å"Test Run†Take time in advance to do a â€Å"test run† at the same location and time of day as your impending interview. Before the call, test your connection and voice/microphone. If possible, invest in a good pair of headphones: they can prevent connection problems as well as trim down on sound disruption .For best results, record a test call to see how you present on camera, and to determine any necessary adjustments or improvements.And don’t forget: you can even experiment with your camera positioning to present yourself in the most flattering way. Most people find that keeping the camera at eye level is the most attractive angle.4. Eye Contact is KeyWhile eye contact is important in any social or professional situation, it’s a particular challenge during the video interview. Why? Because the temptation is strong to watch yourself on the screen, instead of looking directly at the camera. This not only makes you look unfocused, but can be unsettling to the interviewer. Keep in mind that you’re not directly addressing the screen, but the camera above your screen. Practice this during your test run.5. Smile Early and OftenMeeting with a person face-to-face has a different â€Å"feel,† than conducting a video interview. While the connection can seem distant and disconnected, it is still extremely important to present yourself as a friendly, likable person. After all, most employers today are looking for soft skills, and failure to show off your personable side during a video interview can quickly remove you from the running.While participating in video interviews can feel strange or stressful, they’re increasingly part of the job hunt experience. Taking time to prepare yourself and become accustomed to the process can set you up for success. And remember: the ultimate goal is to enhance the hiring process and help you find the job of your dreams, so look at each video opportunity not as an obstacle, but as an opportunity.

Managing for the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing for the Future - Essay Example Comparison of the competence that a company will need and the competence that the company is already endowed with 23 9. Conclusion from the comparison 24 Reference List 25 1.0 Introduction The competitive edge of an organization depends upon several contributing factors, and one of them is strategic plan for the future. The strategic plan for the future is a rough guide book that lets the organizations produce a rough sketch (Braithwaite and Hall, 2009). A sketch that may look very rough and unrecognizable but as time progresses the sketch begins to take a definitive shape. In the present context the research reports sheds light on the track record of the management of BP (British Petroleum) oil for the past years. The management strategies and the decisions of the BP management is critiqued and analyzed to reflect its effectiveness (Das and Teng, 2004). The research report then develops a rough sketch of future environmental condition. The environmental condition is prepared based o n the present state of condition, and also based on the way the future spans out. The research report indicates what the management of BP oil needs to do in order to position itself in a better way in the future (Gilbert and Gips, 2000). Lastly the research report produces a comparative picture of the competencies that BP oil is already endowed with and the competencies that BP need to develop. The research report delves into 3 separate areas, one is sustainability, another one is distribution and the third one is corporate social responsibility. 2. Historic analysis of the organization’s performance The historical performance of BP is traced across 3 important areas, which are sustainability, CSR and distribution. 2.1 Sustainability The sustainability of BP is measured across 4 different areas, which are safety, environment, people and performance. Over the last 8 years starting from 2007 to 2013, BP has developed its safety measures (Harland and Branchley, 2003). This led t o the decrease in the number of fatalities, the number of days away from work for the employees. Improved safety measures in the past 7 years also ensured that the numbers of oil spills decrease. Apart from that the amount of greenhouse gas emission has also decreased. The sustainability encompasses other important factors also like the people and performance. The last 7 years data indicate that the numbers of employees have increased sufficiently (John, 2010). Improved employee satisfaction led to the retention of more number of employees. Working in BP requires staying away from home for long durations. So the intake of women in this line of work was always few and in fact negligible. The inclusion of women in its work force indicated the bold stride of BP towards the expulsion of gender bias from the work culture (Kahnmann and Tversky, 2001). In case of performance, there has been tremendous increase in the amount of dividend paid to shareholders and the contribution towards the communities. The sustainability reports indicate that the company invested significantly to ensure that both the environment and the employees are kept from harm’s way. Although the recent oil spill of the BP in the Gulf of Mexico is an indication of the fact that BP has major gaping holes in its safety procedure. 2.2 Distribution The

Constructivism Theory of International Relations Essay

Constructivism Theory of International Relations - Essay Example Based on these articles, I would like to point out that these scholars conducted a well organized and extensive research. They had to choose to carry out a research on this theory in order to create more awareness and inform their respective audiences on all the contributions, controversies and the gaps in this theory which need more researchers to study. In the choice of their methodology, I would like to recommend that it was properly done. It seems that they knew about the main objective of their research. Thus, they identified and used the most appropriate variables which would help them in answering their research questions and the hypotheses. Both of these scholars knew about the predictions that would determine their findings. This explains why there was no failure in the whole of their research. After identifying the research topic/issue, they settled on literature review in which they conducted several documentary analyses in order to get more information about this theory. They did this by choosing the most appropriate and relevant set of documents to use. Thus, their work became more credible and authoritative to be relied upon by other scholars for carrying out their future researches (Rodney, B.H., 2009). This area or f research is quite important for these scholars. Although several scholars have researched on it, because, as Richard and Christian suggest, a lot still need to be done in order to fill up the missing links. Based on their findings that this theory is valuable for the contemporary society.

Customer Service Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer Service - Assignment Example And customers’ demands and expectations are rising every day. Customers always expect something more than that they buy. So organizations took several steps to retrain their old customers and if possible attract new customers. Retaining old customers is a game changer for companies as these customers are loyal to the organization and they keep valuable feedback as per the product and services they buy or get. No matter what an organization providing that can be industrial product or consumer durables but manufacturer have to bundle their product with significant amount of services. Otherwise they will lose to their competitor because customer will shift to the competitor from where they are getting more services. That is the reason now every organizations having effective customer policies. If we visit all most all the shops in central London or anywhere in London we shall find out every shops have a complain and suggestion form and after every purchase no matter what the volu me of purchase is seller will give after sale services like home delivery or call the taxi or free baggage etc. For high value consumer durables seller or manufacturer gives free installation and if the product is big and heavy they will provide home delivery and not only that seller or manufacturer are bound to give free insurance that can be lifetime also for some kinds of goods and quarterly or half yearly free servicing is became mandatory from manufacturers end. These are all customer services policies just to retain existing customer and attract new customers. Theoretical background of management gives several version of key words like Management, organisation. (Cole, G.A. 2004, p.6) P2: Continuous and sustainable scrutiny method for customer relationship management method is necessary to keep these services proper and effective. And for that purpose proper customer training policies are must follow steps. 2002) Service quality gap: In above figure seven gaps of service model is been shown. This model is a part of Parasuraman. As per the above pictorial representation the most important three gaps are Gap1, Gap5 and Gap6; these are very important because they directly deal with the customer and make a bond between the seller and buyer or manufacturer and customer. Gap1: Management perceptions versus customer expectations: If proper market research is not done and miscommunication between two parties are in place or proper data transfer between the managements is not taking place then this situation can arise. There a gap between customer expectations and management perception can arise if in an organization too many vertical management layer in place. Gap2: Services Specifications versus management perception: If organisation goal is not made and model of the works are not standardized then quality of the services will not match with the management perceptions. And management will not be able to fulfil its commitment towards customers. So an uncomfortabl e situation can arise for the organisation. Gap3: Services delivery versus services specifications: If proper team management is not going on and control over employees is lost and their work is not satisfactory then this situation may arise. As a result very poor employee performance and less technological development happen. Then conflict of role in organization regarding jobs arises. Gap4: External communication versus service delivery: If

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory - Essay Example i The Greek way of distinguishing what justice and democracy really are, passes through the analyses of various philosophical minds. The definition of the same with regard to the Republic by Plato and the character Thyrasymachus is justice is â€Å"serving the interest of the stronger†, and secondly, is the obedience to the laws of one state†. However, Socrates thinks that the two assertions cannot be real explanations since the predicates they carry do conflict in one way or another. Plato rounds up by defining justice as â€Å"the greatest good†. In the definition of what democracy is, the philosopher, In Gorgias, through Socrates, Plato, thinks that â€Å" a criminal who does wrong without receiving any punishment is the most wretched person of all† (Plato, 115) Through Socrates, Plato makes attempts that are repeated in a way in order to give good reason for the fact that justice is a tool meant to design all the needs of the people in the society who are powerful and rich. Consequently, Plato was able to prove that the justice had a liaison in the inherent meaning though acting in line with democracy. In that context Plato does claim that there is democracy in Athens which most people in their argument do attest to. He argues through Socrates, that in a society or country, or city that has democracy, it is not easy for an individual to get his or her justice. He defined justice as a virtue that is helpful in the development of an order basis with proper integration of the societal role and does not make interference with any other societal part. The meaning as depicted sounds a bit controversial given the fact that it does relate to the meaning of justice in the traditional realm and the rationale developed basing on fair play. Plato thinks that political justice is â€Å"harmony in a structured political body† Justice is when three parts of the soul (spirited appetitive, and reasoning) work

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health Essay

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health through the change for life campaign - Essay Example There are six healthy behaviors that people are encouraged to adopt through this particular public health crusade. The first one is the 5 A day call, which gives suggestions on how to eat the recommended five portions of healthy vegetables and fruits every day (Change4Life, 2015). The second component is advice on reducing the amount of salt intake per day. The campaign also encourages sugar swaps by giving vital information on the sugar content of various foods as well as the available alternatives. The other aspects are cutting down on alcohol consumption, cutting back on fats and leading an active life. The message is spread through different avenues with the TV and online advertising being the major channels (Change4Life TV commercials, 2009). The integrated approach adapted in the campaign also allows for the use of radios, social media and the direct marketing channels. Dealing with obesity requires behavior change in terms of the kind of food one takes and the lifestyle that an individual leads (Department of Health, 2004). Britt, Hudson & Blampied (2004) point out that behavior is a product of both individual and collective action and plays a central role in the health of the public. This is the reason why lifestyle risks have for a long time been considered to be the leading cause of morbidity and deaths in various nations (Sweney, 2008). In order to deal with obesity, which is a lifestyle health condition, the policy was created based on the transtheoretical model. Kemm (2015) states that this model takes change of behavior to be an ongoing cycle rather than the final state. During the process of change, individuals may relapse in the initial stages though this does not mean that they have to start all over again. The model, therefore, describes the individuals in terms of the progress they make in series of behavior states and in relation to o ther dimensions (Michie & Johnston, 2012). Its use in the drive has been effective in

Medical mistakes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Medical mistakes - Research Paper Example The Canadians are a society that places much emphasis and importance on issues to do with health, and health needs for those approaching their end of life are not ignored. The ministry concerned ensures the universal access of apposite and quality healthcare to all the citizens regardless of race, age, color, gender, religious beliefs or social class. To ensure that no one is discriminated, the Canadian Hospice and Palliative Care was established and is an organization bringing together researchers, clinicians, doctors and substitute decision makers. It was formed with an objective of reaching out to the Canadians and raising their awareness concerning issues, aspects and importance of engaging in advance care planning, and how to get involved. The Health Care Consent Act was also founded with an intention of educating people about advanced care planning, and informing them of their rights as substitute decision makers and those of their patients. Another body that is in Canada that is concerned with issues to do with advance care planning is the Consent and Capacity board (Robert and Michael, 2013). The Consent and Capacity Board, as Robert and Michael (2013) collectively note was established to give timely, dignified and fair hearings in a bid to get an equilibrium state between medical and legal matters. This work shall discuss the ethical, legal and professional issues that arise in making such decisions (end of life decisions). To begin with, imperative statistics about the health situation in Canada shall be presented, examples of major life decisions shall be discussed and then a case study shall be provided. From this case study; the ethical, professional and legal issues shall be discussed in that order. Thereafter, a conclusion focusing on end of life decisions shall be drawn. A research conducted in 2006 showed that between 2005 and 2036, it was projected that the number of aged people (who in this

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health Essay

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health through the change for life campaign - Essay Example There are six healthy behaviors that people are encouraged to adopt through this particular public health crusade. The first one is the 5 A day call, which gives suggestions on how to eat the recommended five portions of healthy vegetables and fruits every day (Change4Life, 2015). The second component is advice on reducing the amount of salt intake per day. The campaign also encourages sugar swaps by giving vital information on the sugar content of various foods as well as the available alternatives. The other aspects are cutting down on alcohol consumption, cutting back on fats and leading an active life. The message is spread through different avenues with the TV and online advertising being the major channels (Change4Life TV commercials, 2009). The integrated approach adapted in the campaign also allows for the use of radios, social media and the direct marketing channels. Dealing with obesity requires behavior change in terms of the kind of food one takes and the lifestyle that an individual leads (Department of Health, 2004). Britt, Hudson & Blampied (2004) point out that behavior is a product of both individual and collective action and plays a central role in the health of the public. This is the reason why lifestyle risks have for a long time been considered to be the leading cause of morbidity and deaths in various nations (Sweney, 2008). In order to deal with obesity, which is a lifestyle health condition, the policy was created based on the transtheoretical model. Kemm (2015) states that this model takes change of behavior to be an ongoing cycle rather than the final state. During the process of change, individuals may relapse in the initial stages though this does not mean that they have to start all over again. The model, therefore, describes the individuals in terms of the progress they make in series of behavior states and in relation to o ther dimensions (Michie & Johnston, 2012). Its use in the drive has been effective in

Greek mythology in western art and literature Essay Example for Free

Greek mythology in western art and literature Essay With the rediscovery of classical antiquity in Renaissance, the poetry of Ovid became a major influence on the imagination of poets and artists and remained a fundamental influence on the diffusion and perception of Greek mythology through subsequent centuries.[2] From the early years of Renaissance, artists portrayed subjects from Greek mythology alongside more conventional Christian themes. Among the best-known subjects of Italian artists are Botticellis Birth of Venus and Pallas and the Centaur, the Ledas of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and Raphaels Galatea. [2] Through the medium of Latin and the works of Ovid, Greek myth influenced medieval and Renaissance poets such as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Dante in Italy.[1] In northern Europe, Greek mythology never took the same hold of the visual arts, but its effect was very obvious on literature. Both Latin and Greek classical texts were translated, so that stories of mythology became available. In England, Chaucer, the Elizabethans and John Milton were among those influenced by Greek myths; nearly all the major English poets from Shakespeare to Robert Bridges turned for inspiration to Greek mythology. Jean Racine in France and Goethe in Germany revived Greek drama.[2] Racine reworked the ancient myths — including those of Phaidra, Andromache, Oedipus and Iphigeneia — to new purpose.[3] The 18th century saw the philosophical revolution of the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe and accompanied by a certain reaction against Greek myth; there was a tendency to insist on the scientific and philosophical achievements of Greece and Rome. The myths, however, continued to provide an important source of raw material for dramatists, including those who wrote the libretti for Handels operas Admeto and Semele, Mozarts Idomeneo and Glucks Iphigà ©nie en Aulide.[3] By the end of the century, Romanticism initiated a surge of enthusiam for all things Greek, including Greek mythology. In Britain, it was a great period for new translations of Greek tragedies and Homer, and these in turn inspired contemporary poets, such as Keats, Byron and Shelley.[4] The Hellenism of Queens Victoria poet laureate, Alfred Lord Tennyson, was such that even his portraits of the quintessentially English court of King Arthrur are suffused with echoes of the Homeric epics. The visual arts kept pace, stimulated by the purchase of the Parthenon marbles in 1816; many of the Greek paintings of Lord Leighton and Lawrence Alma-Tadema were seriously accepted as part of the transmission of the Hellenic ideal.[5] The German composer of the 18th century Christoph Gluck was also influenced by Greek mythology.[1] American authors of the 19th century, such as Thomas Bulfinch and Nathaniel Hawthorne, believed that myths should provide pleasure, and held that the study of the classical myths was essential to the understanding of English and Americal literature.[6] According to Bulfinch, the so-called divinities of Olympus have not a single worshipper among living men; they belong now not to the department of theology, but to those of literature and taste.[7] In more recent times, classical themes have been reinterpreted by such major dramatists as Jean Anouilh, Jean Cocteau, and Jean Giraudoux in France, Eugene ONeill in America, and T. S. Eliot in England and by great novelists such as the Irish James Joyce and the French Andrà © Gide. Richard Strauss, Jacques Offenbach and many others have set Greek mythological themes to music.[1] References 1. ^ a b c d Greek Mythology. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. 2. ^ a b c Greek mythology. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. * L. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 3. ^ a b l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 4. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75-76 5. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 76 6. ^ Klatt-Brazouski, Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology, 4 7. ^ T. Bulfinch, Bulfinchs Greek and Roman Mythology, 1

Concepts Of Performance Management In Human Resources

Concepts Of Performance Management In Human Resources Abstract Performance management is becoming increasingly important in the department of Human Resources in recent years. It refers to a systematic instrument for improving the development of individuals, teams and organizations. With the wide acceptance of performance management to the organizations, how can it be understood, accepted and implemented by managers and employees effectively in practice? The paper makes a study on the performance management from the perspective of Human Resources, analyses the definitions and process of performance management and discusses the positive and negative effects of performance management. Overall, it will be argued that the positive effects of performance management outweigh its negative effects, but it is also necessary to pay attention to its disadvantages, such as judgement errors caused by distortion of performance information. Performance Management in HR à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  . Introduction The concept of performance has been around for more than a hundred years, experiencing some remarkable changes in the process of performance developments and subsequently integrating into the Human Resources Management system. Performance management, as one of the most important parts in these development procedures, has attracted intensifying attention in many organizations. In addition, economical globalization, speedy development of technology and high capitalizations are conspicuous trends in this fast-paced society, people have to promote their performance and become more flexible to satisfy the needs of this fast-changing and competitive society. Hence, how to select employees, who are regarded as an organizations greatest assets, plays a dominant role in avoiding companies to fall behind their competitors. Simultaneously how to keep the talent and how to encourage them to give their maximum ability to improve the competitiveness of company are crucial issues to managers. Effic ient use of performance management can help the company to solve such problems. In this essay, a clear definition of performance and performance management will be given firstly by the analysis of different interpretations put forward by many scholars. Then from four steps, including planning, implementation, appraisal and feedback, it will introduce performance management process. Finally, this essay will attempt to demonstrate that the positive effects of performance management are more significant than the negative. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡. Defining the concepts A. What is performance? Performance management is obviously to do with performance, and what is meant by that word? There are two dissimilar views on the definition of performance. One is the outputs and outcomes of activities, Bernadin et al (1995, cited in Armstrong 2000: 3) states that performance should be defined as outcomes of work because they provide the strongest linkage to the strategic goals of the organization, customer satisfaction, and economic contributions. An alternative view contends that performance is behaviour, including working proficiency, literacy and efforts. Campell (1900, cited in Armstrong 2000: 3) believes that performance is behaviour and should be distinguished from outcomes because they can be contaminated by systems factors. Actually, in the practice of performance management in HR, managers usually intend to use a more comprehensive view of performance, which includes outputs and behaviour, because they have a mutual relationship of complementation, the behaviour is deemed to be one of the indispensable conditions to reach outcomes or outputs of performance. This view is concluded by Brumbrach (1988, cited in Armstrong 2000: 3) that performance is composed of behaviour and outcomes or outputs. Performer tries his or her best to turn abstract plans or behaviour into some concrete outcomes. In other words, behaviour is an instrument for gaining results. To summarize, an overall definition of performance should consist of behaviour and results, and these two elements need to be taken into account when measuring the performance of individuals and teams. B. Performance management Performance management is an essential part in HRM, which has become increasingly popular since the 1980s. Dransfield (2000: 69) states that performance management is a process which is designed to improve organizational, team and individual performance and which is owned and driven by line managers. According to Dransfields (2000) definition, currently, there are three different viewpoints on the definition of performance management. The first one is to be understood as organizational performance. It means that the implementation of organization strategies should emphasize on the adjustment of organizational structure, business process, technology and targets. The second viewpoint is that performance management is a means of getting better results from teams. Performance management applies to everyone in the business team, not just managers, but also employees. As stated by Armstrong (2000:5), It rejects the cultural assumption that only managers are responsible for the performance of their teams and replaces it with the belief that responsibility is shared between managers and team members. The third one claims that the core of performance management is developing individuals potential, and after that improving organizational performance through aligning individual and organiza tional targets. This essay is in favour of the third opinion, mainly because the inconsistent or missing information of target content is inevitable during the top-down transmission from organizational targets to individual targets. In order to make sure the staffs activities and outputs are congruent with organizational targets, it is widely believed that performance management should be focused on guiding and helping staffs to fulfil their tasks in the light of organizational target and requirement. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢. The process of performance management In order to ensure the targets can be accomplished effectively and punctually, managers should follow a performance management process in an orderly way. An all-around definition is provided to reflect the performance management process, as a management cycle under which program performance objectives and targets are determined, managers have flexibility to achieve them, actual performance is measured , and this information feeds into decisions about programme funding, design, operations and rewards or penalties'(Curristine, 2005: 131). This section will introduce the standard Deming cycle applied in the performance management context and the Deming cycle refers to PDCA where P for plan ,D for do, C for check and A for action. During plan phase the goals and information are decided for employee or team. The do phase is for the implementation of plan and in check phase, supervisors will review and appraise the performance, then confirm the performance and gives feedback in the stage o f action(Evans Lindsay, 2008). A. Performance planning Performance planning is the starting point of performance management process, including three basic aspects-setting the direction, concluding performance agreements and agreeing personal development plans(Armstrong 2000:17-18). In other words, performance planning is deemed to be an activity of deciding what to do and how to do it. Compared to the other types of planning in traditional process and management activities, performance planning has the following characteristics: (1). The process of performance planning is a bidirectional communication between managers and employees. (2). All members, including managers and employees should be responsible for drawing up plans together. B. performance implementation Performance implementation is one of the most fundamental parts throughout the performance management. Undoubtedly, without this basic guarantee of performance implementation, plans cannot be put into practice. In essence, performance implementation is a process of delivering organizational targets or plans from managers to employees, and then people have flexibility to achieve them. C. Performance appraisal Performance appraisal is the focal part of performance management in which managers give assessment to individuals work and achievements in relation to the organizational targets. A useful definition of performance appraisal is set out by the Adivory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) which states that: appraisals regularly record an assessment of an employees performance, potential and development needs. The appraisal is an opportunity to take an overall view of work content, loads and volume, to look back on what has been achieved during the reporting period and agree objectives for the next'(cited in Dransfield, 2000: 71). Generally speaking, the main task of performance appraisal is to identify what the employee is to do and has it been done well. Hence, it is necessary to establish a standard for performance appraisal. If an employees behaviour can be in accordance with the following criteria, it is deemed that this is an effective performance: 1. Strategic Congruence, 2. Validity, 3. Reliability, 4. Acceptability, 5. Specificity (Baker, 1988). D. Performance feedback After being checked, individuals need to know whether their performance is good or not. So managers should provide feedback which needs to be concerned with actual performance and careful measurement. The good feedback is not simply warning employees what they have done wrong or successful, but also guiding a way for individuals future development and improvement. This feedback information is also the evidence that human resources strategy and feedback improve leadership capability and consequently affect organizational performance (Mabey Martin, 2001). In the practise of feedback, there are a number of methods to give feedbacks; one of the most famous systems is 360-degree feedback, which refers to a process in which employees receive confidential, anonymous feedback from the people who work around them, including managers, peers, subordinates and customers (Tyson Ward, 2004). To sum up, performance feedback can be collected from abundant information channels, ranging from superio rs to subordinates, colleagues to customers, and thereafter this feedback information will flow into decision about strategic adjustment, modification, rethinking operation and rewards or penalties. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £. Performance management influences the development of HRM With the wide dissemination of performance concept, performance management has attracted intensifying attention in many organizations. Managers have placed a premium on the employees performance in their work. So the adoption of performance management not only can improve organizational performance, but also can be personally fulfilling and skill-enhancing. However, there are still some potential problems existing in performance management, which seems to undermine the organizational and individual development. This section will attempt to demonstrate that the functional effects of performance management are more significant than the dysfunctional. A comprehensive definition is provided to point out the functional effects, as In general term, we define a phenomenon as being functional if its consequences contribute positively to a larger structure (Van Dooren, 2010: 152). Performance management thus would have functional effects when it contributes to the whole target of organization. Firstly, performance management can stimulate learning and innovation among employees and inside the organization. In terms of employees, performance management provides a motivation for encouraging employees to improve their own skills, especially those who perform poorly; they are guided to meditate deeply on their working practice, the defects in particular, which is the pivotal to the improvement of their performance. So only keep learning, can employees ensure that they can hold the job position and follow the best career path for themselves. In terms of the whole organization, performance management may trigger changes and innovation. Accord ing to De Brujin (2004), it is obvious that the yearly growth in the number of employees is steady in a company, this means that the organization accumulate slack resources who do not make any contribution to organization. The managers in department of HR can therefore adjust and improve the standard of choosing and employing persons, and cut off the overstaffed offices. Moreover, performance management can create transparency in the organization. Managers or supervisors, who are used to having a lot of priority, may commit mistakes, such as judgement errors and bias. Performance management can make their performance more visible inside or outside the organizations. It is an effective way to supervise and keep managers from giving others unfair treatment. Despite the functional effects that performance management has, it is impossible to deny its dysfunctional effects, which can undermine the goals of the individuals and organizations. Deming (cited in Evans Lindsay, 2008) holds the view that performance management nourishes short-term performance at the cost of the long-term planning. In order to realize the short-term interests and personal achievement, employees may make a flimsy promises to their customers and overdraw organizational resources, at last, the development of the whole organization will be blocked. What is more, the negative effects of performance management can be often caused by distortion of performance information and outputs. In conclusion, despite the existence of drawbacks, the positive effects of performance management are more significant than the negative. Performance management is thus an evolutionary process in which individuals can obtain many opportunities for career development, such as receiving training and guiding, improving the development of capabilities, even attainment of full potential. Simultaneously, organizations can get generous profits in return from their professional performance management. It is likely that performance management will have a bright future in the department of HR. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¤. Conclusion As mentioned above, this essay has discussed definitions, process and effects of performance management. It has emerged that the functional effects of performance management are more significant, despite the existence of dysfunctional effects as well. According to Hatry (2008, cited in Van Dooren 2010), performance management may not have a bright future, because some challenges remain to a certain degree and its problems are so thorny that can hinder the development of organizations. Nevertheless, now there are increasingly managers using performance management, as stated by Van Dooren (2010:175), practitioners, management consultants as well as academics have sought solutions in response to the paradoxical and often problematic nature of performance management. Accordingly, the foreground of performance management is still optimistic. An efficient way to solve these problems is to improve the quality of performance information, which can guarantee the reliability and equality of pe rformance appraisal and feedback. From the aspect of employees, adequate training and skills development should be applied in the performance management. In a word, performance management is an indispensable part in the department of HR and it is to be hoped that improvements and adjustments should be taken to deal with challenges and ensure to gain the greatest returns on professional performance management.

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Essay

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Art during the mid-twentieth century contained some of the most important changes art history. These explosive times were counter-balanced with explosive popular culture. More historical events, abrupt changes, and turbulence occurred from the end of World War II until the height of the Vietnam War than in any time period. Before this time, styles of art had lasted generations. In the 1960’s numerous important art movements were happening at the same time. There were variations on variations, movements inside of other movements. Therefore, because of the amount of independent and integrated pieces of movements and styles, a lot can be missed in a short paper. The amount that happened in these twenty-five years is enough to fill volumes, and so, this is just a brief scraping off the top of what during these times—the most tumultuous times in American History. INTRODUCTION: The 1940’s through the 1960’s were not only some of the most socially and politically volatile times in American History, but were the catalyst for the numerous changes in which occurred in American Popular culture during these and following years. Instead of experiencing the trauma which resulted after World War I’s end, post-World War II United States returned fairly easily back to everyday life. Although there were some problems converting from a wartime to a peacetime economy in the late 1940’s, Americans took on the task and entered the 1950’s on a very auspicious high note. During the time period after World War II, the United States experienced many changes. Technology was abundant and the rate at which new inventions, industries and technologies came about was at a rate never seen before. From a television in every home to the first computers and ultimately space flight, these two decades after World War II were crowded with advancements. S ome of the most dramatic changes came in the field of art. What was once a single, slow road of popular culture advancement branched off into thousands of smaller, faster changing roads. Some of these â€Å"roads†, which can be seen as changing styles, or movements, in art, whipped Americans through a roller coaster of change in what they saw around them. The End of World War II: The major art movement taking place in the United States directly after World War II was... ...ther in their concept. So as we start in a new millenium, we have to ask ourselves what will be the next great movement in art? Could there be anything again as influential as the times that existed here? Only time will tell. Bibliography: Cagle, Van M., Reconstructing Pop/Subculture: Art Rock and Andy Warhol, New York: Sage Publications, 1995 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1950s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1960s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Reed, T.V., American Popular Culture. (online) Available: http://www.wsu.edu/~amerstu/pop/tvrguide.html, February 17, 2000 Seitz, William C., Art in the Age of Aquarius, 1955-1970, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992 Alloway, Lawrence. American Pop Art, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974 Dynamic Movements. (online) Available: Http://library.thinkquest.org/17142/dynamic-movements/ Jansen, H.W., The History of Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1997, p. 914-915 Warhol’s Reflection of the Social Times. (online) Available: Http://vc.lemoyne.edu/ant305/students/7_abarnett/page3.htm Marcel Duchamp. (online) Available: http://www.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/duchamp.html

Human Values Versus Technology in Waiting for Godot and Civilization an

Human Values Versus Technology in Beckett's Waiting for Godot and Freud's Civilization and its Discontents One of the most significant and wondrous features of today's society is the progress that has occurred with the passing of years and generations. Never before has humanity witnessed the technological advances that are now transpiring. Such advances encompass almost every facet of life as humanity knows it: from biomedical engineering to the exploration of outer-space. Science has proven to be beneficial to life as well as to the expansion of the mind. However, civilization is not in need solely of scientific revolutions. As the famous Beckett and Freud have implied in their literary works, humanity has not lost touch with innate human values that have been intrinsically bestowed upon it. These values, implicitly stated in the works created by Beckett and Freud, are the need for companionship, and purpose and meaning in life. The ideas of companionship and meaning in life are ubiquitous in Beckett's play Waiting for Godot. Much of the play is a mockery of the condition humanity would be faced with in a meaningless world. The four main characters in the play, Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, and Lucky, undeniably represent the lazy side of humanity in that they spend their lives waiting for something elusive that evidently will not ever appear. By the end of the play, Vladimir and Estragon are still hoping for this arrival, and there has been no trace of it. This demonstrates the futility of spending so much time anticipating an event that is not likely to happen, given previous experience. Beckett's play is therefore a mockery of the human value of purpose and meaning in life. Not only does Beckett's play ... ...ng new ideas regarding humanity. With the progress of new knowledge and technology, it seems reasonable that human values would advance as well. This, however, has not proven to be the case. Instead, the values that are innate to humanity have remained firmly established since the beginning of time. For example, people are still seeking the meaning of life in religion, as they did thousands of years ago, even though there has not been any discovery that has supported religion. In addition, people still seek companionship in the form of dating, families, sex, and friendship. Companionship has not become obsolete with the advancement of technology, and the way companionship is viewed has not adapted to the realities in society. As much as technology and science have contributed, a value as simple as acceptance of diversity has not progressed nearly as much.

Bracero Program

The Bracero Program The Bracero Program was a temporary contract labor program initiated in 1942 by the United States and Mexico. Designed originally to bring a experienced Mexican agricultural laborers to harvest sugar beets in Stockton, California, but soon spread to most of the United States and to the railroad industry. Although the railroad program ended in 1945, after World War II the agricultural program continued until 1964. Originally, the program was designed to protect the illegal migrant workers against the exploitation by American farmers. However, it was criticized and was viewed as a failure from the humanitarian point of view. Workers in the Bracero Program continued to face struggles with the United States and Mexican governments. Many workers did not receive the mandatory savings accounts that were legally guaranteed to them upon conclusion of their contracts to work in the United States. In many states, specifically Texas, the local governments and authorities also took advantage of the workers. Graft and corruption on both sides of the border enriched many Mexican officials as well as unethical â€Å"coyote† freelancers in the United States who promised contracts in Texas for the unsuspecting Bracero. † reported by The Handbook of Texas Online (Handbook of Texas Online, s. v. , 2001. ) Because of the abuse of authoritative power, such as perfunctory arrest for petty causes, and obvious discrimination, Mexico excluded Texas was excluded from the labor-exchange program. Wages paid to legal contracted braceros were low. As well, these workers often encountered poor substandard living conditions. Many braceros left contracted work to return to home or to find better paying jobs. These braceros became known as â€Å"wetbacks. Farmers and ranchers became dependent on a low-cost, docile, illegal labor force. The search for jobs began to move the illegal immigrants farther north into Texas and California. However, there were still many braceros that continued to work under contract and work as law-abiding members of the community. The program became a political issue for the Americans. The United States wielded the power of negotiations with both the Mexican government and the Mexican people. Mexico lost all real bargaining power in the 1950’s. Along with opposition from Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the United States determined that the program was no longer vital to the American’s; it discontinued the program in 1964. Chavez and Huerta fought the program because it undermined American workers and exploited the migrant workers. Nothing says it more obvious than the account from Walt Edwards (as cited in Dillin, 2006), When we caught illegal aliens on farms and ranches, the farmer or rancher would often call and complain [to officials in El Paso]. And depending on how politically connected they were, there would be political intervention. That is how we got into this mess we are in now. (Dillin, John, 2006) By the end of the program, farm labor unions began to form which eventually led to the abolishment of laws stating it was illegal to organize farm labor. This lead the way to the grape strikes in California and the boycotts in stores, lead by Filipino farm workers. After the first strike several various organizations began to form and led similar movements around the country. Through the 1960s to the 1980s, Cesar Chavez was a major inspiration to such movements and organizations. One of the most notable protests was when Chavez and the UFW marched from the Coachella Valley to the Mexican border to protest grower’s use of illegal aliens as strikebreakers and replacement workers. References Bracero Program. Bracero Program in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bracero_program. Cesar Chavez. Cesar Chavez in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez. Dillin, John. (2006, July 06). How Eisenhower solved illegal border crossing from Mexico. [Electronic version. ] Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http://www. csmonitor. com/2006/0706/p09s01-coop. html. Handbook of Texas Online, s. v.. (2001, June 6). Operation Wetback. Retrieved on July 29, 2007, from http://www. tsha. utexas. edu/handbood/online/articles/OO/pqo1_print. html